In that world, lamps do not jump, cats do not bark, and gorillas do not cross basketball courts. System 2 is activated when an event is detected that violates the model of the world that System 1 maintains. You can also feel a surge of conscious attention whenever you are surprised. System 2 is mobilized when a question arises for which System 1 does not offer an answer, as probably happened to you when you encountered the multiplication problem 17 × 24. When System 1 runs into difficulty, it calls on System 2 to support more detailed and specific processing that may solve the problem of the moment. You generally believe your impressions and act on your desires, and that is fine- usually. When all goes smoothly, which is most of the time, System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. If endorsed by System 2, impressions and intuitions turn into beliefs, and impulses turn into voluntary actions. System 1 continuously generates suggestions for System 2: impressions, intuitions, intentions, and feelings. System 1 runs automatically and System 2 is normally in a comfortable low-effort mode, in which only a fraction of its capacity is engaged. Systems 1 and 2 are both active whenever we are awake. The Division of Labour Between System One and Two Not only are we blind to what is plainly obvious when someone points it out but we fail to see that we are blind in the first place. Paying attention is not really the answer as that is mentally expensive and can make people “effectively blind, even to stimuli that normally attract attention.” This is the point of Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons in their book The Invisible Gorilla. In all these situations you must pay attention, and you will perform less well, or not at all, if you are not ready or if your attention is directed inappropriately. This is when we do something that does not come naturally and requires some sort of continuous exertion. The knowledge is stored in memory and accessed without intention and without effort. Detecting the similarity of a personality sketch to an occupational stereotype requires broad knowledge of the language and the culture, which most of us possess. Some skills, such as finding strong chess moves, are acquired only by specialized experts. System 1 has learned associations between ideas (the capital of France?) it has also learned skills such as reading and understanding nuances of social situations. Other mental activities become fast and automatic through prolonged practice. We are born prepared to perceive the world around us, recognize objects, orient attention, avoid losses, and fear spiders. These vary by individual and are often “innate skills that we share with other animals.” You will be invited to think of the two systems as agents with their individual abilities, limitations, and functions. I also describe circumstances in which System 2 takes over, overruling the freewheeling impulses and associations of System 1. The automatic operations of System 1 generate surprisingly complex patterns of ideas, but only the slower System 2 can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. If asked to pick which thinker we are, we pick system 2. The operations of System 2 are often associated with the subjective experience of agency, choice, and concentration. System 2 allocates attention to the effortful mental activities that demand it, including complex computations.System 1 operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control.I adopt terms originally proposed by the psychologists Keith Stanovich and Richard West, and will refer to two systems in the mind, System 1 and System 2. Psychologists have been intensely interested for several decades in the two modes of thinking evoked by the picture of the angry woman and by the multiplication problem, and have offered many labels for them. Part of that body includes a description of the “machinery of … thought,” which divides the brain into two agents, called System 1 and System 2, which “respectively produce fast and slow thinking.” For our purposes, these can also be thought of as intuitive and deliberate thought. In Thinking, Fast and Slow, his “intellectual memoir,” he shows us in his own words some of his enormous body of work. His work has influenced how we see thinking, decisions, risk, and even happiness. Israeli-American psychologist and Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman is the founding father of modern behavioral economics.
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